上海豫園
Yuyuan Garden is a famous classical garden located in Anren Jie, Shanghai. The garden was finished in 1577 by a government officer of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) named Pan Yunduan. Yu in Chinese means pleasing and satisfying, and this garden was specially built for Pan's parents as a place for them to enjoy a tranquil and happy time in their old age.
Yuyuan Garden occupies an area of 20,000 square meters (about five acres). However, the small size is not a representative of the attractions of the garden. The pavilions, halls, rockeries, ponds and cloisters all have unique characteristics. There are six main scenic areas in the garden: Sansui Hall, Wanhua Chamber, Dianchun Hall, Huijing Hall, Yuhua Hall and the Inner Garden. Each area features several scenic spots within its borders. The true treasure of Yuyuan Garden is the Exquisite Jade Rock. What is interesting about this rock is that if you burn a joss stick just below the rock, the smoke will magically float out from all of the holes. Similarly, when you pour water into the rock from top, the water will flow out from each hole creating a spectacular sight to see. The Inner Garden was a separate garden built in 1709, but is now a part of Yuyuan Garden in the south. The Inner Garden is compact and exquisite, and the rocks, pavilions, ornamental ponds and flower walls offer some of the most attractive sceneries in Yuyuan Garden.
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豫園位於上海市老城廂的東北部,北靠福佑路,東臨安仁街,西南與上海老城隍廟毗鄰,是著名的江南古典園林,聞名中外的名勝古跡和遊覽勝地,為全國重點文物保護單位。
豫園原是明代的一座私人園林,始建于嘉靖、萬曆年間,距今已有四百餘年歷史。園主人潘允端,曾任四川布政使。其父潘恩,字子仁,號笠江,官至都察院左都禦史和刑部尚書。潘家是當時上海的望門大族。明嘉靖三十二年(1553年),長達九裡的上海城牆建成,使及東南沿海的倭患逐漸平息,二十餘年來生命財物經常受到威脅的上海人民稍得安定,社會經濟得到恢復並開始繁榮。士大夫們紛紛建造園林,怡情養性,弦歌風月。潘恩年邁辭官告老還鄉,潘允端為了讓父親安享晚年,從明嘉靖己未年(1559年)起,在潘家住宅世春堂西面的幾畦菜田上,聚石鑿池,構亭藝竹,建造園林。經過二十餘年的苦心經營,建成了豫園。“豫”有“平安”、“安泰”之意,取名“豫園”,有“豫悅老親”的意思。
豫園當時占地七十餘畝,由明代造園名家張南陽精心設計,並親自參與施工。整座園林規模宏偉、景色佳麗。古人稱讚豫園“奇秀甲于東南”,“東南名園冠”。
潘允端晚年家道中落。明萬曆二十九年(1601年)潘允端去世,潘氏家庭日趨衰微,無力承擔園林修繕和管理所需的巨大開支。明朝末年,豫園為張肇林所得。其後至清乾隆二十五年(1760年),為不使這一名勝湮沒,當地的一些富商士紳聚款購下豫園,並花了二十多年時間,重建樓臺,增築山石。因當時城隍廟東已有東園,即今內園,豫園地稍偏西,遂改名為西園。
清道光二十二年(1842年)第一次鴉片戰爭爆發,外國侵略者入侵上海,英國軍隊強佔豫園,大肆蹂躪。 “一望淒然,繁華頓歇……園亭風光如洗,泉石無色”。清咸豐三年(1853年),上海小刀會響應太平天國革命,在上海發動起義。起義失敗後,清兵在城內燒殺搶掠,豫園被嚴重破壞,點春堂、香雪堂、桂花廳、得月樓等建築都被付之一炬。
清咸豐十年(1860年),太平軍進軍上海,滿清政府勾結英法侵略軍,把城隍廟和豫園作為駐紮外兵場所,在園中掘石填池,造起西式兵房,園景面目全非。清光緒初年(1875年)後,整個園林被上海豆米業、糖業、布業等二十餘個工商行業所劃分,建為公所。至解放前夕,豫園亭台破舊,假山傾坍,池水乾涸,樹木枯萎,舊有園景日見湮滅。
1956年起,豫園進行了大規模的修繕⑽,歷時五年,於1961年9月對外開放。現豫園占地三十餘畝,樓閣參差,山石崢嶸,樹木蒼翠,以清幽秀麗,玲瓏剔透見長,具有小中見大的特點,體現出明清兩代江南園林建築的藝術風格。